E2A（19p13）基因斷裂探針

 廣州健侖生物科技?有限公司 

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我司還有很多熒光原位雜交系列檢測(cè)試劑盒以及各種FISH基因探針和染色體探針等，。

E2A（19p13）基因斷裂探針

   本試劑盒主要用于E2A（19p13）基因斷裂的檢測(cè)，里面包括即用型雜交液和DAPI復(fù)染劑。
本試劑盒僅供科研使用。

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【公司名稱】 廣州健侖生物科技有限公司
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1、大鼠心電圖為什么沒(méi)有ST段？
從動(dòng)作電位的角度來(lái)解釋。
以人的心電圖為例：靜息狀態(tài)下細(xì)胞內(nèi)電位約為-90mv，也就是說(shuō)細(xì)胞內(nèi)電位比細(xì)胞外電位低90mv，細(xì)胞膜內(nèi)帶負(fù)電荷，膜外有同等數(shù)量的正電荷，稱為極化狀態(tài)。心肌細(xì)胞激動(dòng)后，細(xì)胞發(fā)生除極，細(xì)胞膜內(nèi)變成正電荷，膜外變成負(fù)電荷，跨膜電位驟升到+30mv，這一過(guò)程稱為動(dòng)作電位0相。復(fù)極時(shí)，細(xì)胞內(nèi)正電位下降，復(fù)極過(guò)程分為1、2、3相。復(fù)極過(guò)程中的2相很特殊，是一條相對(duì)平坦的曲線，接近零電位，對(duì)應(yīng)心電圖上的ST段。

那么動(dòng)物的心電圖又如何呢？

比如狗的心室復(fù)極過(guò)程存在平坦的2相，在心電圖上就體現(xiàn)在明顯的ST段上，而大鼠的心室復(fù)極過(guò)程沒(méi)有2相，在心電圖上就沒(méi)有明顯的ST段。

（PS：心房也有復(fù)極波，但是很小，通常消失在QRS綜合波里，一般看不到）

2、如何計(jì)算大鼠的“ST段”？

對(duì)于存在ST段的動(dòng)物心電圖（狗、猴子），可以按照常規(guī)ST段計(jì)算方法來(lái)計(jì)算：以線為基線，選擇ST段上某一個(gè)點(diǎn)作為取值點(diǎn)，比如J點(diǎn)，取值點(diǎn)到基線的距離就是ST段的數(shù)值，取值點(diǎn)在基線以上，ST段即為正值，取值點(diǎn)在基線以下，ST段即為負(fù)值。

盡管大鼠心電圖沒(méi)有常規(guī)的ST段，但是ST段是心電圖上極為重要的一個(gè)參數(shù)，不能輕易放棄，還是要解析的。在Rat心電圖里，我們用另一種方法來(lái)代替。
如果您使用的是北京軟隆公司的心電圖采集與解析系統(tǒng)SP2006，做大鼠的ST段解析時(shí)，推薦您使用公式S ST-index，延遲0，范圍10。代表的是從S波頂點(diǎn)開(kāi)始，往后取10個(gè)點(diǎn)（10ms），以線為基線，計(jì)算10個(gè)點(diǎn)到基線距離的平均值。上圖的10個(gè)取值點(diǎn)均在基線以下，ST段數(shù)值為負(fù)值-41。下圖中的10個(gè)取值點(diǎn)一部分在基線以下，一部分在基線以上，10個(gè)點(diǎn)的平均值為0，所以ST段=0。（延遲和范圍的數(shù)值可以根據(jù)需要自行設(shè)定）

上圖中，橫坐標(biāo)每個(gè)小格代表2.5ms，縱坐標(biāo)每個(gè)小格代表5×1/100mV.
3、這些情況大鼠的心電圖上會(huì)出現(xiàn)ST段

①在大鼠成熟初期有可辨認(rèn)清晰的ST段，但是伴隨著成長(zhǎng)會(huì)*消失，已經(jīng)成熟的大鼠，就看不到ST段了。

②在低溫、缺氧時(shí)，或注射利血平等藥物時(shí)，作用于心室復(fù)極的2相離子活動(dòng)，同時(shí)導(dǎo)致心率過(guò)緩，可能會(huì)在心電圖上出現(xiàn)明顯的ST段。如果在大鼠中采集到明顯的ST段，應(yīng)該考慮是否有低溫、缺氧或藥物的因素。采集心電圖時(shí)，要給麻醉的動(dòng)物保溫也是極其有必要的。

4、正常大鼠ST段值應(yīng)該是多少？

與人的心電圖解析不同，目前尚無(wú)*的動(dòng)物心電圖背景數(shù)據(jù)，在一些心電圖書(shū)籍或者文獻(xiàn)里能找到一些參考數(shù)值，但是，這些數(shù)值與動(dòng)物種屬、周齡、使用哪款心電圖設(shè)備、采樣頻率、導(dǎo)聯(lián)方式、大鼠體位、解析公式等密切相關(guān)，而這些可能影響心電圖的因素并沒(méi)有統(tǒng)一的*規(guī)定，所以，還沒(méi)有*的背景數(shù)據(jù)，文獻(xiàn)里的數(shù)值也不能直接拿來(lái)使用。那么拿什么做正常參考值呢？答案是自己做空白對(duì)照組，你的空白對(duì)照組采集到的數(shù)值，就是你這個(gè)實(shí)驗(yàn)的參考值。

1. Why does the electrocardiogram of rats have no ST segment?
It is explained from the angle of action potential.
Take human electrocardiogram as an example: resting state cell potential is about -90mv, that is to say, intracellular potential is 90mV lower than extracellular potential, cell membrane has negative charge, and the same number of positive charges outside the membrane is called polarization state. The myocardial cells excited after cell depolarization, the cell membrane becomes positively charged, the outer membrane becomes negatively charged, the transmembrane potential soared to +30mv, a process called phase 0 of the action potential. At the repolarization, the positive potential of the cells decreased and the repolarization process was divided into 1, 2, and 3 phases. The 2 phase in the repolarization process is very special. It is a relatively flat curve, close to the zero potential, and corresponds to the ST segment on the electrocardiogram.

So what about the animal's electrocardiogram?

For example, there is a flat 2 phase in the ventricular repolarization process of the dog, which is manifested in the obvious ST segment on the electrocardiogram, but there is no 2 phase in the ventricular repolarization process in the rat, and there is no obvious ST segment on the ECG.

(PS: have atrial repolarization wave, but very small, usually disappeared in the QRS wave, generally do not see)

2. How to calculate the "ST segment" of the rat?

For the existence of ST segment of ECG animal (dog, monkey), according to the conventional ST segment calculation method: using the line as the baseline, select the ST section of a point as a value, such as J, numerical value to the baseline distance is ST, above the baseline value, ST the positive value below the baseline, ST is negative.

Although the rat electrocardiogram has no regular ST segment, the ST segment is a very important parameter on the electrocardiogram. It is not easy to give up or to be parsed. In the Rat electrocardiogram, we replace it in another way.
If you are using the ECG acquisition and analysis system SP2006 of Beijing soft long company, when making the ST segment resolution of the rat, you are recommended to use the formula S ST-index, which is delayed by 0, and the range is 10. The representative is starting from the S wave vertex, taking 10 points (10ms) back, taking the line as the baseline, and calculating the average of the 10 points to the baseline distance. The 10 values of the above figure are below the baseline, and the ST segment is -41. The 10 value points in the following figure are below the baseline, one part above the baseline, and the average of the 10 points is 0, so the ST segment =0. (the value of the delay and range can be set according to the need)

In the above picture, each small lattice of the abscissa stands for 2.5ms, and each small lattice of the ordinate represents 5 * 1/100mV.
3. In these cases, the ST segment of the rat's electrocardiogram

(1) there is a clear ST segment in the early maturing of the rat, but as the growth will disappear compley, the mature rat can not see the ST segment.

(2) at low temperature, hypoxia, or injecting equal blood drug, the action of 2 phase ion acting on ventricular repolarization, at the same time, leads to slow heart rate, which may lead to obvious ST segment on ECG. If a clear ST segment is collected in the rat, it should be considered if there are factors of hypothermia, hypoxia or drug. When collecting the electrocardiogram, it is also extremely necessary to keep the heat of the anaesthetized animal.

4. What should the ST segment of normal rats be?

The ECG analysis and people are different, there is no animal ECG background of official data, in some books or documents in ECG can find some reference values, but these values and animal species, weeks, which lead ECG device, sampling frequency, mode, rat body, analytical formula closely related. These factors may affect the ECG and there is no uniform official, so no official background data, numerical literature cannot be directly used to use. So what do you do with the normal reference value? The answer is to make a blank control group. The value of your blank control group is the reference value of your experiment.